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Corrosion

Corrosion

The degradation of metals due to natural electrochemical processes is known as corrosion. Rust formation on iron, tarnishing of silver, and the blue-green patina that develops on copper are examples of corrosion. Corrosion involves the oxidation of metals. Sometimes it is protective, such as the oxidation of copper or aluminum, wherein a protective layer of metal oxide or its derivatives forms on the surface, protecting the underlying metal from further oxidation. In other cases, corrosion is...

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.

Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules

Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules

Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and reduction reactions, which occur at the same time. An oxidation reaction strips an electron from an atom in a compound, and the addition of this electron to another compound is a reduction reaction. Because oxidation and reduction usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called redox reactions.
The removal of an electron from a molecule, results in a...

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
Aldehydes readily undergo oxidation in strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate and chromic acid. The oxidation can also be carried out using mild oxidizing agents such as silver oxide. In fact, aldehydes can be easily oxidized...

Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols

Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols

Activated manganese(IV) oxide can selectively oxidize allylic and benzylic alcohols via a radical intermediate mechanism. Primary allylic alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, while secondary allylic alcohols yield ketones. The redox reaction of potassium permanganate with an Mn(II) salt such as manganese sulfate (under either alkaline or acidic conditions), followed by thorough drying, yields the oxidizing agent: activated MnO2. While MnO2 is insoluble in the solvents used for the reaction, the...

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Multi-Scale Modification of Metallic Implants With Pore Gradients, Polyelectrolytes and Their Indirect Monitoring In vivo

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Beyond Oxidation: Engineering Functional Anodised Metal Matrices Through Molecular and Surface Modifications.

Mateusz Schabikowski¹, Agnieszka Stróż², Andrzej Kruk³

¹Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

|August 28, 2025

Summary

Anodised metal matrices offer tunable properties for advanced materials. This review explores anodisation techniques, applications in catalysis and energy storage, and surface modifications for next-generation devices.

Keywords:

anodisation chemical functionalisation functional materials

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Simultaneous Multi-surface Anodizations and Stair-like Reverse Biases Detachment of Anodic Aluminum Oxides in Sulfuric and Oxalic Acid Electrolyte

Simultaneous Multi-surface Anodizations and Stair-like Reverse Biases Detachment of Anodic Aluminum Oxides in Sulfuric and Oxalic Acid Electrolyte

Published on: October 5, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Surface Engineering

Background:

Anodised metal matrices are versatile platforms for advanced materials.
Electrochemical oxidation (anodisation) transforms metals into structured oxide layers.
Tailored porosity, thickness, and morphology are achievable.

Purpose of the Study:

To review anodisation techniques and parameters for fabricating ordered nanostructures.
To highlight applications of anodised metal substrates in catalysis, sensing, energy storage, and biomedical engineering.
To discuss post-anodisation surface modification strategies and future perspectives.

Main Methods:

Electrochemical oxidation (anodisation) of metals like aluminium, titanium, niobium, zinc, and tantalum.
Fabrication of ordered nanoporous arrays, nanotubes, and nanowires.
Surface modification techniques including chemical functionalisation and thin-film deposition.

Main Results:

Anodisation enables the creation of advanced materials with tunable physicochemical properties.
Anodised metal substrates serve as functional platforms for diverse applications.
Post-anodisation modifications significantly enhance material utility.

Conclusions:

Anodisation is a key technology for developing functional oxide architectures.
Optimised anodisation and surface modification are crucial for next-generation devices.
This review guides the rational design of engineered oxide materials.