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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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Selectins01:25

Selectins

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Cell adhesion is  an essential aspect of multicellularity. While stable cell interactions usually occur between cells of the same type, transient cell interactions occur between cells of different tissue types, such as between neutrophils and endothelial cells. Selectins are one class of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that bind carbohydrate ligands to form transient cell adhesion. They are rod-like proteins with a long extracellular part of variable length ending with the lectin domain,...
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Galectin-9-An Emerging Glyco-Immune Checkpoint Target for Cancer Therapy.

Anastasia Iris Karkempetzaki1,2,3, Tobias Schatton1,2,4, Steven R Barthel1,2

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|August 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Galectin-9 (Gal-9) influences cancer progression by interacting with various cells in the tumor microenvironment. Its role in immune checkpoints like TIM-3 and PD-1 makes it a promising target for novel cancer therapies.

Keywords:
Galectin-9PD-1TIM-3cancergalectinsglycobiologyimmune checkpointimmunotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Glycobiology
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • Galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins with diverse roles in physiology and disease.
  • Galectin-9 (Gal-9) possesses unique structural features, including two carbohydrate-recognition domains, enabling fine-tuned biological functions.
  • Gal-9 activity is further modulated by gene variants, protein isoforms, and tissue-specific interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the immunobiology of Galectin-9 (Gal-9) in tumorigenesis.
  • To explore the glycobiological and lineage-dependent functions of Gal-9.
  • To examine Gal-9 as a potential glyco-immune checkpoint target for cancer therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Galectin-9 (Gal-9) functions in the tumor microenvironment.
  • Analysis of Gal-9 interactions with immune, non-immune, and cancer cells.
  • Examination of Gal-9 binding to immune checkpoint receptors TIM-3 and PD-1.

Main Results:

  • Galectin-9 (Gal-9) plays a significant role in malignant progression within the tumor microenvironment.
  • Gal-9 interacts with key immune checkpoint receptors, including TIM-3 and PD-1.
  • The unique binding properties of Gal-9 contribute to its diverse biological effects.

Conclusions:

  • Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a critical regulator of tumor immunity and progression.
  • Gal-9's interaction with immune checkpoints highlights its potential as a therapeutic target.
  • Targeting Gal-9 offers a promising strategy for developing novel glyco-immune cancer therapies.