Tuning Titanium Surface Properties via μPPEO for Improved Osseointegration and Cell Adhesion

This study investigates a novel approach based on micro-pulse plasma electrolytic oxidation (μPPEO), aiming to improve the control over key parameters such as the Ca/P ratio, the formation of anatase and rutile phases, and the porosity of titanium surfaces-factors that are critical for enhancing bioactivity. By employing electrical micro-pulses with widths of 50 μs or 100 μs, our aim was to restrict the discharge time and subsequent surface/electrolyte reactions. The results demonstrate that μPPEO-treated surfaces exhibit uniform pore diameters, a Ca/P ratio of approximately 1.67, and the better control of anatase/rutile formation. The μPPEO treatment successfully produced hydrophilic surfaces, with the 6Ti50 sample displaying the highest polar component of surface energy. Notably, this sample was the only one to support cell viability comparable to that of the polystyrene surface on the 24-well plate, emphasizing its strong potential for clinical applications. Across all treated surfaces, OFCOL osteoblasts displayed a spindle-like morphology with elongated filopodia, suggesting favorable cell interactions and adaptability to the treated surfaces. This study underscores the promise of PPEO as a valuable technique for biomedical applications, particularly in controlling and optimizing dental implant surfaces.