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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Routes of Drug Administration: Enteral01:18

Routes of Drug Administration: Enteral

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Medications can be administered through the enteral route using liquids, capsules, or tablets.
Enteral administration involves drug administration via the mouth in two ways: orally or sublingually.
Unlike sublingually drugs, drugs that are taken orally pass through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and get metabolized by the liver. Once metabolized, the drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation, reaching different body parts via the bloodstream. However, while passing through the stomach,...
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Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes01:15

Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes

294
Non-oral extravascular routes, which encompass sublingual, buccal, topical, intramuscular, and inhalation methods, primarily utilize passive diffusion to transport drugs into the systemic circulation. The absorption rates and effectiveness of these routes depend on the drug's physicochemical properties, as well as the patient's anatomical and pathophysiological state.
Lipophilic drugs that are stable at salivary pH (6) and exhibit minimal binding to the oral mucosa are absorbed more...
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Additional Routes of Drug Administration01:18

Additional Routes of Drug Administration

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Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
Administering drugs via inhalation allows for the direct delivery of gaseous, volatile substances or droplets to different parts of the respiratory tract. One of the advantages of the inhalation route is the rapid absorption of drugs into the circulatory system, which is possible because of the large surface area of...
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Sublingual and Buccal Delivery: A Historical and Scientific Prescriptive.

Sina Bahraminejad1, Hassan Almoazen1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Rm 661, Memphis, TN 38018, USA.

Pharmaceutics
|August 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Sublingual and buccal drug delivery has evolved significantly over 75 years, with four distinct growth periods. Research now focuses on advanced mucosal delivery for enhanced therapeutic benefits.

Keywords:
buccal drug deliverydose limited absorptionpenetration enhancementrapid onset absorptionsublingual drug delivery

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Pharmaceutics
  • Drug Delivery Systems
  • Mucosal Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Sublingual and buccal drug delivery routes have been explored for over 75 years.
  • Early research (1950-1982) showed limited exploration of these mucosal routes.
  • Significant advancements have occurred, particularly since the 1980s.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical development of sublingual and buccal drug delivery over the past 75 years.
  • To identify key phases and innovations in this field.
  • To highlight the growing research focus on mucosal drug delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review based on the query "sublingual and buccal".
  • Analysis of publication trends from 1950 to 2025.
  • Categorization of research into distinct growth periods.

Main Results:

  • Identified four distinct growth periods in sublingual and buccal delivery research: Early (1950-1982), Exploratory (1983-1993), Diversification (1994-2009), and Innovation (2010-2025).
  • Documented the expansion of therapeutic agents and formulation technologies, including nanoparticles, mucoadhesive systems, and pediatric formulations.
  • Noted the increasing use for various conditions, from angina and hypertension to pain management, opioid use disorder, and vaccine delivery.

Conclusions:

  • Sublingual and buccal drug delivery represents a dynamic and expanding area of pharmaceutical research.
  • Historical analysis reveals a continuous innovation trajectory, driven by the need for improved drug efficacy and patient compliance.
  • Future research is poised to further enhance mucosal drug delivery for both local and systemic therapeutic outcomes.