Bacterial Diversity Dynamics in Sandy Loam Soils in Tanzania Under Varying Fertilizer-Derived Uranium Concentrations

The presence of radiotoxic uranium (U) in mineral fertilizers is of global concern. A pilot study was conducted in Tabora (Tanzania) to determine the release of U from three brands of phosphate fertilizers and its impact on soil bacteria. The experiment used three types of fertilizer: Minjingu Powder (MP), Nafaka Plus (NP), a mixed and granulated fertilizer made from Minjingu Phosphate Rock (MPR), and YaraMila Cereal (YC) fertilizer. There was also a control treatment that was not fertilized (NF). Alpha diversity and the R tool were used to analyze bacterial diversity in four samples within an average sequencing depth of 74,466 reads, using metrics like ASVs, Shannon index, and Chao1. The results showed that the number of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) in the DNA from soil bacteria decreased, specifically to 400 ASVs, in the NP treatment, which was in line with the higher U concentration (3.93 mg kg^-1) in the soils. In contrast, the MP fertilizer treatment, associated with a lower U concentration (3.06 mg kg^-1) in soils, exhibited an increase in ASVs within the DNA of soil bacteria, reaching 795; the highest ASV value (822) was observed in the NF treatment. Higher amounts of U in the soil plots seemed to have resulted in more types of bacteria, with the Actinobacteriota phylum being the most common in all of the treatments. The NP (3.93 mg kg^-3 U concentration) and MP (3.06 mg kg^-3 U concentration) treatments were the only ones that showed Halobacteriota and Crenarchaeota phyla. Nonetheless, bacterial diversity may also account for the alterations in soil phosphorus and nitrogen following fertilizer application. The YaraMila Cereal treatment did not seem to be linked to any particular bacterial phylum. This means that in this study it did not have any measurable effect on the soil bacteria species compared to the MP and NP treatments.