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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
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Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction.

Nicola J Menzies-Gow1

  • 1Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.

Veterinary Sciences
|August 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is a common neurodegenerative disorder in older horses. Diagnosis involves clinical signs and tests like ACTH measurement, with pergolide as a treatment option.

Keywords:
ACTHdysfunctioninsulinpars intermediapergolidepituitary

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Neurology
  • Equine Endocrinology
  • Animal Medicine

Background:

  • Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is a prevalent, progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting older horses.
  • It stems from oxidative damage to hypothalamic neurons, disrupting dopaminergic inhibition of the pituitary gland's pars intermedia.
  • This leads to overproduction of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived hormones and changes in melanocytes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for equine PPID.
  • To emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and comprehensive management for improving horse welfare.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis relies on signalment, characteristic clinical signs (e.g., hypertrichosis, delayed shedding), and diagnostic tests.
  • Key diagnostic tests include basal adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) measurement and ACTH response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) testing.
  • Testing for insulin dysregulation is crucial due to the association between laminitis risk in PPID and hyperinsulinaemia.

Main Results:

  • Suggestive clinical signs include hypertrichosis, abnormal coat shedding, hyperhidrosis, muscle atrophy, and laminitis.
  • Diagnostic confirmation involves hormonal assays (ACTH, TRH response) and assessment of insulin regulation.
  • PPID is a manageable lifelong condition, not curable.

Conclusions:

  • Early diagnosis and management of PPID are essential for affected horses.
  • Treatment involves symptomatic relief, dietary adjustments, and pharmacological intervention with pergolide.
  • A holistic approach considering body condition and insulin sensitivity optimizes treatment outcomes.