Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Elements Crucial for Effective Psychotherapy01:25

Elements Crucial for Effective Psychotherapy

112
Research has highlighted several critical factors that influence the effectiveness of psychotherapy, such as the therapeutic alliance, the therapist, and the client.
The Therapeutic Alliance
The therapeutic alliance refers to the relationship between the therapist and the client. The alliance strengthens when the therapist and the client engage in a nurturing, supportive, trusting, empathetic, and respectful relationship, improving therapeutic outcomes. Therapists must monitor this relationship...
112
Modeling in Therapy01:26

Modeling in Therapy

145
Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
Participant Modeling
Participant modeling involves therapists demonstrating calm and effective behaviors in...
145
Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification03:00

Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification

5.3K
Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
5.3K
Nursing Evaluation01:15

Nursing Evaluation

3.5K
The evaluation stage signals the end of the nursing process. The nurse gathers evaluative data to assess whether or not the patient has attained the expected results. Whereas the nurse collects data in the nursing assessment to identify the patient's health concerns, the evaluation stage data determines if the indicated health issues are resolved. Evaluative data collection includes two sections: the data acquired to evaluate patient outcomes and the time criteria for data collection.
3.5K
Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia

185
Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
185
Interpersonal Psychotherapy01:25

Interpersonal Psychotherapy

98
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a structured, time-limited therapeutic approach initially developed to treat depression. It integrates key concepts from psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive-behavioral therapies, making it a uniquely eclectic framework. The therapy is rooted in the interpersonal theories of Adolph Meyer and Harry Stack Sullivan, as well as John Bowlby's attachment theory, and focuses on the interplay between interpersonal relationships and emotional well-being.
98

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Heterogeneity of emotional cultivation strategies as a group composition variable among Taiwanese youth.

Journal of counseling psychology·2026
Same author

Charles J. Gelso (1941-2025).

The American psychologist·2026
Same author

Predicting treatment process and outcome using temporal dynamics of supervisory working alliance.

Psychotherapy research : journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research·2026
Same author

Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression dynamics predict changes in distress across psychotherapy: Findings from the PsyCARE study.

Psychotherapy research : journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research·2026
Same author

Effectiveness and composition of emotional cultivation groups for Taiwanese youth with emotion regulation difficulties.

Psychotherapy research : journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research·2026
Same author

Therapist trainee experience and client outcome: A within-person analysis of hours of experience, client order, initial client distress, and treatment length.

Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling
06:04

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling

Published on: January 17, 2025

733

Association between helping skills variability and subsequent client functioning: Mediated by working alliance and

Dennis M Kivlighan1, Clara E Hill2

  • 1Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland, College Park.

Journal of Counseling Psychology
|August 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Therapist helping skills flexibility (HSF) positively impacts the working alliance (WA) and session evaluation (SE). This flexibility also indirectly improves client functioning through the WA, suggesting a pathway for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.

More Related Videos

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
10:32

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Published on: April 23, 2014

18.6K
Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
12:55

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties

Published on: September 27, 2020

8.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling
06:04

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling

Published on: January 17, 2025

733
Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
10:32

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Published on: April 23, 2014

18.6K
Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
12:55

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties

Published on: September 27, 2020

8.5K

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Psychotherapy Research
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • The therapeutic relationship, particularly the working alliance (WA), is crucial for treatment success.
  • Understanding how therapist behaviors influence the therapeutic process and client outcomes is essential.
  • Helping skills flexibility (HSF) represents a therapist's ability to adapt their approach during sessions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the associations between therapist helping skills flexibility (HSF), working alliance (WA), session evaluation (SE), and client functioning.
  • To examine the indirect effect of HSF on client improvement, mediated by WA and SE.
  • To explore the temporal precedence and causality in these relationships within psychodynamic therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Adult clients (n=121) in psychodynamic therapy rated their functioning, WA, SE, and therapist HSF.
  • Data were collected at the beginning and end of each therapy session.
  • Statistical analyses examined associations and mediation effects, controlling for potential confounders like treatment length and reverse causality.

Main Results:

  • Therapist HSF in one session was positively associated with subsequent client ratings of WA and SE.
  • A significant indirect effect of therapist HSF on subsequent client functioning was found, mediated by the WA, but not SE.
  • No evidence of moderation by treatment length, quadratic effects, or reverse causality was observed.

Conclusions:

  • Therapist HSF appears to temporally precede and plausibly influence improvements in the working alliance.
  • The working alliance, in turn, temporally precedes and presumably leads to improvements in client functioning.
  • These findings highlight the importance of therapist adaptability in fostering a strong therapeutic alliance and promoting client progress.