Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 5, 2026
A Highly Reproducible and Straightforward Method to Perform In Vivo Ocular Enucleation in the Mouse after Eye Opening
Published on: October 6, 2014
Prevalence of phantom eye syndrome following eye removal: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Brendan K Tao1, Faizan Naveed2, Salem A Al-Burak3
1Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Purpose:
To determine the literature-pooled prevalence of phantom eye syndrome (PES) following eye removal, including phantom vision (PV), phantom pain (PP), or phantom non-visual non-painful (PNVNP) sensations.
Methods:
Databases were searched from inception to March 12 2025. A systematic review and meta-analysis of PES prevalence and risk factors was conducted.
Results:
Seven studies were identified (775 patients). The literature-pooled prevalence of PES, defined as having at least one constitutive symptom, was 58.9% (95% CI [50.4, 66.9], I2 = 78%, five studies). The most common constitutive symptom was PV in 35.6% (95% CI [29.5, 42.3], I2 = 71.1%, six studies), followed by PP in 26.4% (95% CI [20.8, 32.9], I2 = 76.1%, seven studies) and PNVNP in 19.9% (95% CI [7.9, 42.0], I2 = 91.2%, six studies) sensations. The pooled prevalence of reporting all three constitutive symptoms simultaneously was 4.8% (95% CI [2.2, 10.1], I2 = 67.3%, three studies). Commonly reported risk factors in the literature included mental health comorbidities and preoperative pain, though some studies did not conduct multivariable analysis to control for confounding factors.
Conclusions:
Low certainty evidence supports that over 50% of patients may develop at least one constitutive PES symptom. Patients may benefit from PES screening, reassurance, and early treatment of postoperative pain.
