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Updated: Sep 9, 2025

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Adolescent Feet Are Not Small Adult Feet.

Claire McKeone1, Micah C Garcia2,3, Jeffery A Taylor-Haas1

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Existing arch structure classifications may not apply to adolescents. This study found poor agreement between adolescent arch classifications and prior adult-based systems, highlighting the need for age-specific criteria.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics and Sports Medicine
  • Orthopedics and Podiatry

Background:

  • Existing arch structure classification methods may not be suitable for adolescent populations.
  • Factors like age and physical activity can influence foot arch structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare arch structure classifications in adolescents using adolescent-specific versus previously published adult-based classification systems.
  • To evaluate the appropriateness of existing classification systems for young, active individuals.

Main Methods:

  • 141 uninjured adolescent runners' foot arch height index (AHI) was measured in seated and standing positions.
  • Arch structure was classified (cavus, rectus, planus), and agreement with prior classifications was assessed using kappa and percent agreement.
  • Pearson correlation and t-tests were used to compare AHI values and classifications between seated and standing positions and with prior studies.

Main Results:

  • Poor agreement (κ = -0.008 to 0.702) was found between adolescent arch classifications and most prior adult-based systems.
  • Mean AHI values in adolescents differed significantly from those reported in most previous studies (d = 0.00-1.52).
  • High correlation (r = 0.90) and acceptable agreement (κ = 0.641) were observed between seated and standing AHI measurements within the adolescent cohort.

Conclusions:

  • Arch structure classification varies significantly depending on the system used, with poor agreement between most existing systems and adolescent data.
  • Mean AHI values in adolescent runners differ from previously reported values, suggesting adult-based classifications are not directly applicable.
  • Clinicians and researchers should use position-specific criteria and exercise caution when applying classification systems developed for different populations (e.g., adults, varying health statuses).