Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 9, 2025
06:55
A High-throughput Platform for the Screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.
Published on: November 7, 2018
9.0K
Risk Factors for Typhoid Fever: Systematic Review
Portia Boakye Okyere1, Sampson Twumasi-Ankrah2, Sam Newton1
1School of Public Health, College of Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
JMIR Public Health and Surveillance
|August 28, 2025
Summary
Demographic and socioeconomic factors are key drivers of typhoid fever transmission. Targeted interventions, including improved sanitation and water infrastructure, are crucial for control.
Area of Science:
- Global Health
- Infectious Diseases
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Typhoid fever is a significant global health problem with complex transmission patterns.
- Understanding transmission drivers is critical for effective control strategies and resource allocation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To comprehensively synthesize evidence on risk factors associated with typhoid fever transmission.
- Review covers literature from 1928 to 2024.
Main Methods:
- Searched multiple databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar).
- Used keywords related to typhoid fever risk, contributors, determinants, and causes.
- Followed a registered protocol and triangulated results.
Main Results:
- Reviewed 219 articles out of 1614 retrieved; 109 addressed multiple risk factors.
- Majority of studies (70.6%) originated from Asia and Africa.
- Key risk factors identified: demographic/socioeconomic (50.5%), foodborne (44%), waterborne (41.3%), sanitation/hygiene (31.2%), travel (17.4%), climate (13.8%), antimicrobial use (12.8%), typhoid carriers (10.1%).
Conclusions:
- Demographic and socioeconomic factors are primary drivers of typhoid transmission.
- Targeted interventions: street food regulation in urban Asia, water infrastructure in rural Africa.
- Integrated approach: water, sanitation, hygiene (WASH) interventions with typhoid vaccines.
- Prioritize strategies in schools and high-risk communities for sustainable control.
- Future research should focus on longitudinal studies for causality and vaccine impact.
Related Concept Videos
01:26Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection
12.3K
The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
12.3K
01:26Patterns of Fever
3.0K
Before understanding the types and patterns of fever, it is essential to know its phases.
3.0K
01:18Factors Affecting Illness
4.4K
When a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal state is called illness. Illness creates stress that in turn harms individuals. Irritation, anger, denial, hopelessness, and fear are behavioral and emotional changes an individual experiences in the phases of illness. A variety of factors influence a person's health and well-being.
For instance, risk factors are connected to illness,...
For instance, risk factors are connected to illness,...
4.4K
01:25Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology
43
The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
43
01:29Pulmonary Tuberculosis I
321
Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
321