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Related Concept Videos

Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

657
Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
657
Ion-Exchange Chromatography01:09

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

759
Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...
759
Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

15.0K
Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
15.0K
Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

526
Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
526
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

24.0K
A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
24.0K
Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

42.2K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
42.2K

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Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone
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Effective Ion Exclusion Requires Hydration Shell Stripping.

Ritwick Kali1, Scott T Milner1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|August 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Narrower pores in sulfonated polystyrene membranes are key for effective ion exclusion in desalination. Ions lose hydration shells near pore walls, suggesting neutral pores may enhance desalination efficiency.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Sulfonated polystyrene membranes feature a nanostructure with interconnected hydrophilic pores within a hydrophobic matrix.
  • Pore size critically influences salt partition coefficients, impacting membrane performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a direct correlation between pore size and salt partitioning in sulfonated polystyrene membranes.
  • To investigate the behavior of ions within confined pore spaces for desalination applications.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of a simplified pore model using flat sulfonated polystyrene walls.
  • Systematic variation of pore size by adjusting the separation between polymer walls.
  • Analysis of ion behavior and hydration shell dynamics within the controlled pore environment.

Main Results:

  • Larger pores (> subnanometer) exhibit insufficient ion exclusion due to entropic barriers and non-uniform ion concentration.
  • Narrower pores (< hydrated ion size) are necessary for effective ion exclusion.
  • Ions begin dehydration approximately 0.5 nm from the pore wall, with electrostatic interactions stabilizing them.

Conclusions:

  • Effective ion exclusion for desalination requires pores smaller than hydrated ions.
  • The non-uniform ion distribution in larger pores limits their utility in practical ion exclusion.
  • Neutral pores might offer superior desalination performance due to stabilized ions near pore walls despite hydration loss.