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Necropsy-based Wild Fish Health Assessment

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SARCOCYSTIS INFECTIONS IN RIVER OTTER (LONTRA CANADENSIS) IN MICHIGAN.

J P Dubey, A Gupta, K Kothavale

The Journal of Parasitology

|August 28, 2025

Summary

Sarcocystis DNA was detected in over 27% of North American river otter muscles. This study identified Sarcocystis caninum-like, Sarcocystis svanai-like, and a potentially new species in these carnivores.

Keywords:

Histology Lontra canadensis Michigan Molecular characterization River otters Sarcocystis Sarcocystis caninum Sarcocystis svanai

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Area of Science:

Veterinary Parasitology
Wildlife Disease Ecology
Molecular Epidemiology

Background:

Sarcocystis infections are common in herbivores but less understood in carnivores.
Previous studies found Sarcocystis DNA in North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) in Michigan.
Limited information exists on Sarcocystis species infecting river otters in the United States.

Purpose of the Study:

To morphologically and genetically characterize Sarcocystis species in North American river otter muscles.
To determine the prevalence of Sarcocystis infections in this host population.
To identify potential novel Sarcocystis species in river otters.

Main Methods:

PCR amplification of Sarcocystis DNA from otter muscle samples.
Morphological analysis of sarcocysts using compression smears and histology (H&E staining).
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and gene sequencing (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, cox1) for species identification.

Main Results:

Sarcocystis DNA was detected in 27.4% (34/124) of otter muscle samples.
Two morphologically distinct sarcocyst types were observed: smooth-walled and villar protrusions.
Genetic analysis suggested S. caninum-like, S. svanai-like, and a potentially undescribed Sarcocystis species in three otters.

Conclusions:

This study provides the first report of S. caninum-like, S. svanai-like, and Sarcocystis sp. in US river otters.
Morphological and genetic data indicate the presence of at least two, possibly three, Sarcocystis species.
Development of genetic markers for differentiating Sarcocystis spp. in mustelids is recommended; further studies with better-preserved samples are needed.