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Measuring State Cannabis Policy Design Variation for Research and Policy: A Bundles Approach.

Daniel J Mallinson¹, Lilliard E Richardson²

¹Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, Pennsylvania.

Clinical Therapeutics

|August 28, 2025

Summary

State cannabis policies vary significantly, impacting public health. A new policy bundles approach categorizes these laws into pharmaceutical, permissive, and fiscal types for better research analysis.

Keywords:

Cannabis policy Policy bundles Policy design Public health

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Area of Science:

Public Health
Health Policy
Cannabis Research

Background:

Understanding the public health impact of cannabis legalization requires accounting for state-level policy variations.
Existing methods may not adequately capture the multifaceted nature of state cannabis regulations.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce and demonstrate a policy bundles approach for measuring variations in state cannabis laws.
To provide researchers with a tool to link policy characteristics to public health outcomes.

Main Methods:

Developed a policy bundles approach analyzing 36 characteristics of state medical and recreational cannabis laws from 1994-2023.
Categorized policies into three bundles: pharmaceutical, permissive, and fiscal.
Created measures for both adopted and implemented policies.

Main Results:

Identified three distinct policy bundles (pharmaceutical, permissive, fiscal) that characterize state cannabis laws.
Measures capture policy adoption and implementation, enabling nuanced analysis.
Demonstrated the utility of these measures using Massachusetts as a case study.

Conclusions:

The policy bundles approach offers a robust framework for quantifying state cannabis policy variation.
These publicly available measures can facilitate future health research on cannabis legalization.
Future research should leverage these measures to explore the relationship between specific policy types and public health.