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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
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Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

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Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...
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Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum01:26

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

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The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
Perineal Layer
The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm, divided into an anterior urogenital triangle that contains the external genitals and a posterior anal triangle housing the anus. The urogenital...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device
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Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device

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[Sacral fractures : Interface between spinal and pelvic ring injuries].

Lisa Goerens1

  • 1Klinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Prof. Dr. W. Reith, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrbergerstr. 100, 66421, Homburg, Deutschland. Lisa.goerens@uks.eu.

Radiologie (Heidelberg, Germany)
|August 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Sacral fractures, often missed, link spinal and pelvic injuries. Diagnosis relies on CT scans, with MRI useful for stress fractures, guiding treatment from conservative to surgical stabilization.

Keywords:
ClassificationDiagnostic imagingInsufficiency fractureOs sacrumStress fracture

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Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery
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Last Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device
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Spinal Hernia Repair and Cauda Equina Repositioning After Lumbar Decompression under Three-Dimensional Microscopy: A Case Report and Literature Review
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Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery
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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Radiology
  • Trauma care

Context:

  • Sacral fractures bridge spinal and pelvic ring injuries, frequently resulting from high-energy trauma or in osteoporotic patients.
  • The sacrum's critical role in load transmission and neurovascular protection is compromised by these fractures.
  • Fracture involvement of Denis zones II or III can lead to instability and neurological deficits.

Purpose:

  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges and gold standards for sacral fractures.
  • To outline the AO classification system for sacral fractures.
  • To detail therapeutic strategies based on fracture type, displacement, and neurological status.

Summary:

  • Computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard for diagnosing sacral fractures due to their complex anatomy, while MRI aids in detecting bone marrow edema in stress fractures.
  • The AO classification system categorizes sacral fractures into stable (A), potentially unstable (B), and spinopelvic unstable (C) types.
  • Treatment varies from conservative management for nondisplaced fractures to surgical stabilization for unstable or neurologically symptomatic injuries, emphasizing structured radiology reports for effective planning.

Impact:

  • Improved diagnostic accuracy through advanced imaging techniques like CT and MRI.
  • Standardized classification (AO) facilitates consistent communication and treatment planning among specialists.
  • Tailored therapeutic approaches enhance patient outcomes by addressing fracture severity and neurological involvement.