Mechanical actuation on surface (MAOS) microfluidics: compression for preparation in next-generation sequencing

We present mechanical actuation on surface (MAOS), a programmable microfluidic platform that manipulates droplets via localized mechanical compression-eliminating the need for embedded electronics or fixed microchannel geometries. MAOS integrates essential fluidic operations-including droplet transport, magnetic bead-based purification, and thermal cycling-within a benchtop instrument and single-use cartridge. The system accommodates droplet volumes from nL to μL, enabling precise control over sequential biochemical processes. By studying the dynamic behavior of diverse fluids under compression, we identified the key physical variables-surface tension, contact angle, and viscosity-that dictate the onset of droplet motion. We observed sharp transitions in mobility around specific thresholds and validated interfacial encapsulation as a general strategy to overcome resistive pinning. We validated MAOS by first implementing and testing miniaturized next-generation sequencing (NGS) library preparation sub-processes. Magnetic bead-based cleanup showed DNA recovery and fragment size selection comparable to manual methods, and PCR amplification was carried out reliably in low-volume (5 μL) reactions with minimal evaporation. Subsequently, the full NGS library preparation workflow was executed in a plexed format, processing eight libraries in parallel on a single disposable cartridge using as little as 10% of standard reagent volumes. Short- and long-read sequencing outputs from MAOS libraries aligned with manual protocols across key quality metrics. These results establish MAOS as a scalable and user-friendly alternative to conventional microfluidics, suitable for diverse applications in molecular biology, chemistry, and high-throughput workflows.