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Related Concept Videos

Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

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Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
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Water-soluble hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane, so they rely on protein receptors that span the membrane to trigger intracellular signaling pathways. These pathways then activate second messengers inside the cell, including cAMP or calcium ions.
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A signaling cascade is a series of events that facilitates the transmission of information within or between cells, culminating in a targeted response in the recipient cell. As chemical messengers, hormones are pivotal in initiating and modulating these intricate signaling cascades based on their solubility.
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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
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Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across the plasma and nuclear membrane of target cells to bind to their specific intracellular receptors. These receptors act as transcription factors that regulate gene expression and protein synthesis in the target cell
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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Interactions between extracellular vesicles and hormones: review.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and hormones engage in a complex interplay, influencing bodily functions and diseases. This interaction offers potential as biomarkers and in personalized medicine.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial for intercellular communication, carrying diverse bioactive molecules.
  • Hormones regulate organismal functions and influence EV production and release.
  • EVs, in turn, can modulate hormone synthesis and secretion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the bidirectional interactions between hormones and extracellular vesicles.
  • To highlight the significance of this interplay in physiological and pathological contexts.
  • To explore potential clinical applications, including biomarkers and personalized medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating hormone-EV interactions.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways mediating hormone effects on EVs.
  • Examination of EV cargo affecting hormone regulation.

Main Results:

  • Hormones like estrogen, testosterone, and FSH impact EV characteristics and release.
  • EVs carry molecules that influence hormone synthesis and secretion.
  • The hormone-EV axis plays a role in various physiological and pathological conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The interaction between hormones and EVs is a significant area with clinical potential.
  • This interplay may serve as a basis for novel diagnostic biomarkers.
  • Further research into molecular mechanisms can drive new therapeutic strategies and personalized medicine approaches.