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Exciton-to-Trion Conversion in Monolayer WS₂ under Pressure.

Beatrice D'Alò¹, Mattia Capeccia¹, Lilia Boeri¹

¹Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.

|August 29, 2025

Summary

High pressure converts excitons to trions in two-dimensional WS2. This substrate-independent process, driven by crystal compression, shifts emission dominance to charged fermions and offers new avenues for optoelectronics.

Keywords:

exciton-to-trion conversion high pressure monolayer WS2 photoluminescence spectroscopy two-dimensional semiconductors

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Optoelectronics

Background:

Exciton-to-trion conversion in 2D semiconductors transitions optoelectronics from neutral bosons to charged fermions.
This conversion impacts transport and spin/valley properties, previously induced via gate voltage, chemical doping, or nanoscale strain.
Understanding this conversion is key for advanced semiconductor applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the evolution of the photoluminescence spectrum of monolayer WS2 under high pressure.
To decouple exciton and trion contributions by analyzing their responses to laser-power variations.
To explore pressure-induced exciton-to-trion conversion mechanisms independent of external charge injection.

Main Methods:

High-pressure photoluminescence spectroscopy of monolayer WS2.
Analysis of spectral changes with varying laser power to distinguish exciton and trion contributions.
Application of hydrostatic pressure up to several GPa.

Main Results:

Crystal compression induces a partially reversible exciton-to-trion conversion in monolayer WS2.
Trion recombination becomes dominant in photoluminescence emission above 3 GPa.
The conversion mechanism is substrate-independent and driven by pressure-induced changes in intrinsic doping levels.

Conclusions:

High pressure can effectively drive exciton-to-trion conversion in 2D materials without external charge injection.
Modulating interatomic interactions via pressure reshapes the crystal potential, enabling trion-based emission.
This offers a novel pathway for studying and controlling exciton-trion dynamics in 2D materials for future optoelectronics.