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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...

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Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Surface Electromyographic Biofeedback as a Rehabilitation Tool for Patients with Global Brachial Plexus Injury Receiving Bionic Reconstruction

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Biscapular Protraction Force and Excursion in Adult Patients With Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries: A Comparative

Ellen Y Lee¹, Andrew W Nelson², Brandon P Sampson²

¹Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Hand and Microvascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery, National University Health System, Singapore.

The Journal of Hand Surgery

|August 29, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Individuals with complete brachial plexus injuries (BPI) generate less force and excursion for prosthesis control. This highlights challenges for body-powered upper limb prostheses in BPI patients.

Keywords:

Amputation body-powered brachial plexus myoelectric scapular motion

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Prosthetics
Neurorehabilitation

Background:

Body-powered upper limb prostheses rely on shoulder and residual limb movements via Bowden cables.
The force and excursion requirements for operating these prostheses in patients with brachial plexus injuries (BPI) are not well-defined.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the biscapular protraction force and excursion between adults with traumatic BPI and healthy individuals.
To ascertain the necessary force and excursion for using traditional body-powered prostheses in BPI patients.

Main Methods:

Thirty nonamputee volunteers were recruited and divided into BPI and control groups.
Biscapular protraction force and excursion were measured using a figure-of-8 harness simulating prosthesis control.
Potential effects of age, sex, and anatomical dimensions on force and excursion were analyzed.

Main Results:

The control group produced significantly greater force (4.2 vs 1.0 kg) and excursion (52.6 vs 16.7 mm) compared to the BPI group.
These significant differences persisted even after adjusting for age, sex, and anatomical dimensions.

Conclusions:

Complete BPI patients exhibit substantially reduced biscapular force and excursion.
This reduction poses challenges for the effective use of body-powered upper limb prostheses.
Alternative strategies, such as utilizing contralateral scapular motion, may be necessary for BPI patients to operate terminal devices.