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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Olfactory Function Recovery in Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery.

Sanjena Venkatesh1, Jadyn Wilensky2, Maria Espinosa2

  • 1Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology
|August 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Preserving the olfactory flap during transsphenoidal surgery (TSA) aids faster smell recovery. Objective smell function improves quicker than subjective smell perception post-TSA.

Keywords:
objective olfactionolfactory outcomesolfactory quality of lifepituitary adenomatranssphenoidal approach

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Olfactory Neuroscience

Background:

  • Transsphenoidal surgery (TSA) is a common procedure for pituitary and skull base tumors.
  • Olfactory dysfunction is a known complication of TSA.
  • Optimizing surgical techniques to preserve olfactory function is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of olfactory flap preservation during TSA on olfactory recovery.
  • To compare the recovery timelines of objective and subjective olfactory function.
  • To assess the recovery of olfactory-specific quality of life (QOL) post-TSA.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing TSA.
  • Comparison of olfactory function outcomes between patients with and without olfactory flap preservation.
  • Utilized objective olfactory testing (e.g., UPSIT) and subjective smell questionnaires (e.g., QOL scales).

Main Results:

  • Olfactory flap preservation was associated with earlier recovery of olfactory function.
  • Objective olfactory function demonstrated a faster recovery trajectory compared to subjective olfaction.
  • Olfactory-specific and sinonasal olfactory-specific QOL scores exhibited distinct recovery patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory flap preservation is a beneficial surgical consideration in TSA for promoting early olfactory recovery.
  • The discrepancy in recovery rates between objective and subjective olfaction warrants further investigation.
  • Surgical strategies should aim to improve both objective and subjective smell outcomes and QOL post-TSA.