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Related Concept Videos

Outcomes of Glycolysis01:13

Outcomes of Glycolysis

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Nearly all the energy used by cells comes from the bonds that make up complex organic compounds. These organic compounds are broken down into simpler molecules, such as glucose. As a result, cells extract energy from glucose over many chemical reactions—a process called cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration can occur aerobically (with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen). In the presence of oxygen, cellular respiration starts with glycolysis and continues with pyruvate...
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Glycolysis01:23

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Glycolysis, the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, is a central metabolic pathway involved in glucose catabolism. It is highly conserved across most organisms, reflecting its fundamental role in cellular energy production. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and can function both in the presence and absence of oxygen, making it versatile for various organisms and environmental conditions.Stages of GlycolysisGlycolysis is a ten-step pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating a net gain of...
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What is Glycolysis?00:56

What is Glycolysis?

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Overview
Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts "food energy" (from the chemical bonds of macromolecules) into chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The first step of this tightly regulated and intricate process is glycolysis. The word glycolysis originates from the Latin glyco (sugar) and lysis (breakdown). Glycolysis serves two main intracellular functions: generating ATP and generating...
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Energy Supply for Muscle Contraction01:25

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Skeletal muscle fibers have the unique ability to switch between rest and contraction states, using different sources of ATP for energy. The contraction cycle and Ca2+ transport back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum for relaxation require significant ATP. However, the ATP reserves in muscle fibers are limited and can only sustain contractions for a few seconds. Additional ATP production becomes necessary for prolonged contractions. As a result, muscle fibers generate ATP through various sources,...
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Muscle Recovery and Fatigue01:24

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

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Muscle fatigue refers to the decline in a muscle's ability to maintain the force of contraction after prolonged activity. It primarily stems from changes within muscle fibers. Even before experiencing muscle fatigue, one may feel tired and have the urge to stop the activity. This response, known as central fatigue, occurs due to changes in the central nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. While there is no single mechanism that induces fatigue, it may serve as a protective...
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Fates of Pyruvate01:20

Fates of Pyruvate

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Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
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Updated: Sep 9, 2025

An Optimized Protocol to Analyze Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Respiration in Lymphocytes
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An Optimized Protocol to Analyze Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Respiration in Lymphocytes

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Muscle Fuel Utilization with Glycolysis Viewed Right Side Up.

George A Brooks1,2

  • 1Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. gbrooks@berkeley.edu.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|August 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lactate, continuously produced in aerobic conditions, is a key energy source, precursor for glucose generation, and signaling molecule. The newly discovered postprandial lactate shuttle (PLS) reveals its central role in carbohydrate metabolism from gut to muscles.

Keywords:
Body carbon fluxEnergy substrate partitioningExerciseGlycolysisLactate shuttleMitochondrial biogenesisMitochondrial reticulumMuscle fuel

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Area of Science:

  • Metabolic physiology
  • Cellular biology
  • Exercise physiology

Background:

  • Lactate is continuously produced in aerobic conditions by various cells and tissues.
  • Lactate serves multiple roles including energy substrate, gluconeogenic precursor, and signaling molecule.
  • Lactate shuttles (cell-cell, intracellular, astrocyte-neuron, peroxisomal, cytosolic-mitochondrial) have been previously identified.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of lactate in whole-body metabolism.
  • To describe the newly discovered postprandial lactate shuttle (PLS).
  • To understand carbohydrate carbon flux from dietary intake to tissue utilization.

Main Methods:

  • Review of contemporary studies on muscle, tissue, and whole-body metabolism.
  • Analysis of findings from exercise physiology research.
  • Integration of recent discoveries concerning the postprandial lactate shuttle.

Main Results:

  • Lactate production is a continuous process under aerobic conditions.
  • The PLS involves two phases: enteric (gut lactate production) and systemic (hepatic and tissue metabolism).
  • Carbohydrate carbon flux begins in the gut and concludes in muscles, with lactate playing a pivotal role.

Conclusions:

  • Lactate is a crucial intermediary in carbohydrate metabolism.
  • The PLS highlights the integrated nature of lactate's role in energy homeostasis.
  • Understanding lactate dynamics is essential for comprehending whole-body metabolic processes.