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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Radioiodine decay-a change in approach to the management of differentiated thyroid cancer.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

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Systemic Therapy for Advanced Thyroid Cancer-New Personalized Options.

Leslie Cheng1, Kate Newbold2

  • 1Thyroid Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 203 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JJ, United Kingdom. lesliecheng@nhs.net.

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|August 29, 2025
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Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have transformed advanced thyroid cancer treatment. Targeted therapies, guided by molecular testing, offer improved survival for radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer, anaplastic thyroid cancer, and medullary thyroid cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Advanced thyroid cancers (RR-DTC, ATC, MTC) show poor response to traditional chemotherapy.
  • Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) represent a paradigm shift in systemic therapy for these aggressive malignancies.
  • Personalized medicine, driven by genomic profiling, is increasingly central to thyroid cancer treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on the efficacy and safety of drug therapies for advanced thyroid cancers.
  • To explore the role of personalized, targeted therapies in managing these diseases.
  • To highlight the impact of molecular testing and next-generation sequencing in tailoring treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of contemporary evidence on drug therapies for thyroid cancers.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data for multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) and targeted therapies.
  • Examination of the integration of molecular testing (e.g., next-generation sequencing) in treatment decisions.

Main Results:

  • Multikinase inhibitors (sorafenib, lenvatinib, vandetanib, cabozantinib) improve progression-free survival and response rates in RR-DTC and MTC.
  • BRAF-directed therapies show efficacy in anaplastic thyroid cancer with BRAF V600E mutations, enhancing survival.
  • Highly-selective inhibitors targeting RET, NTRK, and other alterations refine treatment based on tumor genetics.

Conclusions:

  • TKIs and targeted therapies have revolutionized advanced thyroid cancer treatment, offering improved outcomes.
  • Molecular testing is crucial for personalized treatment selection, tailoring therapies to individual tumor profiles.
  • Challenges remain, including drug resistance, toxicity, and equitable access to molecular diagnostics and targeted treatments, necessitating further research.