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Symptoms and Risk Factors for Long COVID: A Cross-Sectional Study in Primary Care
Assel Muratovna Shigayeva Ferreira1, Flávia Emília Leite de Lima Ferreira2, Caio César Ferreira Alverga2
1Center of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
Persistent symptoms, known as Long COVID, are common after mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Female sex, older age, and experiencing multiple symptoms increase the risk for developing Long COVID.
Area of Science:
- Infectious Diseases
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infections can lead to persistent symptoms, impacting individuals beyond the acute phase.
- Understanding the prevalence and risk factors for Long COVID in primary care settings is crucial for effective management.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the occurrence and identify risk factors for persistent symptoms (Long COVID) after mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection.
- To assess prolonged symptoms beyond 3 months in adults treated in primary care.
Main Methods:
- A retrospective cross-sectional survey was conducted in six primary care units in Brazil.
- 226 adults with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection completed a questionnaire assessing 18 validated clinical outcomes.
- Binary logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors for Long COVID.
Main Results:
- 16 outcomes were significantly associated with Long COVID, with short-term memory loss, anxiety, and loss of attention being most prominent.
- Key risk factors identified include experiencing ≥5 symptoms, female sex, and specific age groups (40-49 and 70+ years).
- A high frequency of persistent symptoms was observed in working-age adults without multiple comorbidities.
Conclusions:
- Mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection frequently results in Long COVID, particularly affecting working-age adults.
- Primary care settings should routinely assess clinical outcomes and risk factors associated with Long COVID.
- The findings underscore the need for integrated Long COVID assessment and management within primary healthcare systems.
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