Mapping a New Blueprint of Multimodal Immunotherapy Against Prostate Cancer: Breakthroughs, Barriers, and Bold...

Immunotherapies have achieved remarkable success in treating various malignant tumors in recent years; however, their application in prostate cancer remains in the early stages of development. This is mainly because the disease has low immunogenicity, and its complex immune microenvironment limits the efficacy of single immunotherapy. Researchers are increasingly exploring novel immunotherapy strategies for this disease. Key approaches include immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which restore T cell function and enhance cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity; cell therapies that target tumor-associated antigens; cancer vaccines that stimulate immune responses against prostate cancer; and bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) that link tumor cells and T cells to promote tumor eradication. Combination therapies integrating immunotherapy with conventional treatments such as chemotherapy, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), and radiotherapy further show potential to overcome prostate cancer's immunosuppressive microenvironment. This review discusses the current immunotherapy strategies for prostate cancer, highlights recent advancements, and explores the challenges and future directions in improving clinical outcomes for patients with this disease.