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Updated: Sep 9, 2025

A Murine Model of Ischemic Retinal Injury Induced by Transient Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion
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Transorbital ultrasonography reveals persistent decrease in retinal artery flow and optic nerve diameter in treated

Simon M Petzinna1, Lara C Burg1, Jan H Terheyden2

  • 1Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Clinic of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England)
|August 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transorbital ultrasonography (TOS) revealed decreased retinal artery flow and optic nerve diameter in giant cell arteritis (GCA) patients, suggesting persistent ocular vascular impairment despite treatment. Intracranial GCA vascular changes may be less responsive to therapy.

Keywords:
giant cell arteritisinflammationtransorbital ultrasonographyvascular ultrasonographyvasculitis

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Rheumatology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic vasculitis that can lead to irreversible vision loss.
  • Ocular involvement in GCA requires careful monitoring and assessment of treatment efficacy.
  • Transorbital ultrasonography (TOS) offers a non-invasive method to evaluate ocular vascular parameters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To longitudinally assess ocular involvement in newly diagnosed GCA patients using TOS.
  • To evaluate changes in central retinal artery flow velocity and optic nerve diameter.
  • To associate TOS findings with systemic vascular inflammation and treatment response.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective cohort study of newly diagnosed GCA patients over 12 months.
  • Serial TOS assessments of central retinal artery peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), and optic nerve diameter (OND).
  • Calculation of OMERACT Giant Cell Arteritis Ultrasonography (OGUS) Score and analysis using linear mixed-effects models.

Main Results:

  • PSV and OND significantly decreased over the 12-month follow-up period.
  • Symptomatic eyes showed significantly higher PSV and EDV.
  • Baseline and longitudinal OGUS scores correlated with PSV, EDV, and OND, indicating ongoing vascular inflammation.

Conclusions:

  • TOS demonstrated progressive decrease in retinal artery flow and OND in GCA patients, indicating persistent ocular vascular impairment.
  • Intracranial vascular changes in GCA may be less responsive to treatment than extracranial vessels.
  • Findings support a shared pathophysiological mechanism in GCA affecting both intracranial and extracranial vasculature.