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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
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d-Wave Polarization-Spin Locking in Two-Dimensional Altermagnets.

Zhao Liu1,2,3, Nikhil V Medhekar2,3

  • 1Centre of Quantum Technology Theory, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia.

Nano Letters
|August 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We discovered d-wave polarization-spin locking (PSL) in 2D altermagnets, a new phenomenon where spin-up and spin-down electrons exhibit perpendicular polarizations. This finding opens doors for advanced spintronic devices and novel memory technologies.

Keywords:
Berry connectionaltermagnetismd-wave polarization-spin lockingspin-momentum locking

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Spintronics

Background:

  • Two-dimensional (2D) altermagnets exhibit unique electronic properties.
  • Understanding spin-dependent phenomena is crucial for next-generation electronics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the discovery of d-wave polarization-spin locking (PSL) in 2D altermagnets.
  • To establish criteria for identifying materials exhibiting d-wave PSL.
  • To explore potential applications of this phenomenon.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical proposal of a symmetry-eigenvalue criterion.
  • Experimental observation of spin-momentum locking.
  • First-principles calculations for material candidate identification.

Main Results:

  • Emergence of d-wave PSL due to nontrivial Berry connections.
  • Perpendicular electronic polarizations in spin-up and spin-down channels.
  • Identification of monolayer Cr2X2O (X = Se, Te) as promising candidates.
  • Observation of spin-driven ferroelectricity in antiferromagnets.

Conclusions:

  • D-wave PSL enables orthogonal spin accumulation for spintronic applications like spin filters/splitters.
  • This phenomenon provides a platform for fast antiferromagnetic memory devices through magnetoelectric coupling.