Crafting Kinship Beyond Biology: Maternal Experiences in Non-Genetic Family Formation - a Systematic Review

Parenthood without a genetic link, such as in adoption or through assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like oocyte and embryo donation, presents unique challenges for mothers. These challenges include psychological, emotional and social pressures related to maternal identity, bonding and disclosure practices. This systematic review synthesizes existing research on the emotional and psychological experiences of mothers in non-genetic family formations, particularly focusing on how these experiences shape maternal identity and family dynamics. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Web of Science, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies on maternal experiences in adoption, oocyte donation and embryo donation were included.ualitative, quantitative and mixed-method studies were analyzed using a narrative synthesis approach. Eighteen studies covering maternal experiences across various cultural contexts were included. Key themes identified include maternal identity conflicts, anxiety surrounding disclosure of the child's origins and societal stigma. Despite these challenges, most mothers developed strong emotional bonds with their children. Differences in cultural norms influenced disclosure practices, affecting family cohesion and maternal well-being. The findings highlight the need for psychological support and clear guidance on disclosure for non-genetic mothers. Future research should focus on developing long-term support systems and culturally tailored interventions to improve the psychological well-being of non-genetic mothers.