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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

26
Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
26
Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction01:26

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

47
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...
47
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

39
Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
39
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

23
The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
23
Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

41
Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
41
Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

35
A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
35

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Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Technical Modification of the Terminal Ureter During Total Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
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Urinary Tract Injuries in Abdominal, Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery: a Comprehensive Review.

S Polykalas1, A Chronopoulou1, M BOMPOULAb N Garmpis2

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Urinary tract injuries (UTIs) are a risk in abdominal, laparoscopic, and robotic surgeries. Minimally invasive approaches can reduce UTI rates, but careful planning and advanced technology are key for prevention.

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Minimally Invasive Surgery

Background:

  • Urinary tract injuries (UTIs) are a significant complication in abdominal, laparoscopic, and robotic surgeries.
  • Procedures like colorectal surgery, hysterectomy, and prostatectomy carry inherent risks due to anatomical proximity.
  • Minimally invasive techniques present unique challenges alongside their benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the incidence, risk factors, and management strategies for UTIs across different surgical approaches.
  • To compare UTI rates in open, laparoscopic, and robotic surgery.
  • To identify key factors influencing UTI development and prevention.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases.
  • Inclusion of studies on abdominal, gynecological, and urological surgeries reporting UTIs.
  • Analysis of 17 studies published between 1990 and 2024 using the PRISMA method.

Main Results:

  • UTI incidence varies by surgical approach: open surgery (0.5%-3.0%), laparoscopic surgery (0.1%-1.0%), and robotic surgery (0.2%-1.5%).
  • Colorectal surgeries and hysterectomies show higher rates in open procedures.
  • Robotic surgery demonstrates potential for reduced UTI risk in complex procedures like prostatectomy and hysterectomy.

Conclusions:

  • Primary UTI causes include direct trauma, thermal injury, and ischemia.
  • Advanced technologies and surgeon expertise are crucial for mitigating risks.
  • Comprehensive prevention involves meticulous planning, intraoperative technologies, and postoperative care.