Evaluating Sulfurization as a Blue Carbon Sink in a Southern California Salt Marsh

Blue carbon ecosystems (BCEs) such as seagrass meadows, mangrove forests, and salt marshes are important carbon sinks that store carbon for millennia. Recently, organic matter (OM) sulfurization and pyritization have been proposed as mechanisms of net carbon storage in BCEs. At our study site, organic sulfur that is resistant to acid hydrolysis (protokerogen) is an order of magnitude less abundant than pyrite sulfur, suggesting a dominance of pyritization over sulfurization. C/N ratios and carbon isotope compositions suggest that nearly half of total organic carbon and ≥80% of protokerogen is composed of marsh plant material. Sediment protokerogen appears to be sulfurized based on its low δ³⁴S values (-10‰), abundance of disulfides, and higher S/C ratio (~1.0%) relative to potential biogenic sulfur sources. However, the interpretation of protokerogen δ³⁴S values is complicated by the range in sulfur isotope compositions of marsh plants. Evidence for sulfurization occurs within the shallowest sediments across different vegetation zones, yielding consistent products, while pyritization appears to be more sensitive to alterations in sediment redox conditions. Based on organic sulfur and pyrite content, sulfurization may be a more spatially consistent process than compared to pyritization, with implications for carbon storage. The relative abundance of pyrite and protokerogen organic sulfur indicates that pyritization is favored at our study site, but this is likely to vary across the spectrum of BCEs.