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The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

29.7K
The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
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Spinal Cord: Information Processing01:10

Spinal Cord: Information Processing

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The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
Sensory Information Processing
Sensory information processing begins at the sensory receptors located in the skin and other tissues, which detect somatic sensory stimuli such as touch, temperature, or pain. These receptors function as catalysts, initiating...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Combining Peripheral Nerve Grafting and Matrix Modulation to Repair the Injured Rat Spinal Cord
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Combining Peripheral Nerve Grafting and Matrix Modulation to Repair the Injured Rat Spinal Cord

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Rootlets-based registration to the PAM50 spinal cord template.

Sandrine Bédard1, Jan Valošek1,2,3,4, Valeria Oliva5,6

  • 1NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Imaging Neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)
|August 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new spinal cord imaging method using nerve rootlets improves anatomical alignment for functional MRI (fMRI) group analyses. This rootlet-based registration enhances accuracy and reproducibility, leading to more reliable neuroimaging results.

Keywords:
nerve rootletsregistrationspatial normalizationspinal cordtemplate

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Spinal Cord Anatomy
  • Medical Image Analysis

Background:

  • Spinal cord functional MRI (fMRI) requires precise anatomical localization for group analyses.
  • Traditional methods using intervertebral discs for registration suffer from anatomical variability.
  • Improved alignment is crucial for reliable voxel-wise group analyses in spinal cord studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel registration method for spinal cord fMRI using dorsal cervical rootlets.
  • To enhance alignment accuracy and reproducibility across individuals and varying neck positions.
  • To compare the performance of rootlet-based registration against traditional disc-based methods in group-level fMRI analyses.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a non-linear registration method aligning segmented dorsal cervical rootlets with the PAM50 spinal cord template.
  • Validated the method on large multi-subject, multi-site datasets (n=267) and datasets with varied neck positions (n=10).
  • Compared group-level activation maps from task-based fMRI (n=23) using rootlet-based versus disc-based registration.

Main Results:

  • Rootlet-based registration demonstrated superior alignment compared to disc-based methods in 226 individuals for general analysis and 176 for morphological analysis.
  • Rootlet positions showed greater stability across different neck positions.
  • Task-based fMRI analysis revealed increased Z scores and significantly larger activation cluster sizes (3292 to 7978 voxels) with rootlet-based registration.

Conclusions:

  • Rootlet-based registration significantly improves inter- and intra-subject anatomical alignment in spinal cord imaging.
  • This method enhances spatial normalization for group-level fMRI analyses, increasing precision and reliability.
  • The findings support the potential of rootlet-based registration for advancing spinal cord neuroimaging.