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Related Concept Videos

Effect of Sea Water on Concrete01:22

Effect of Sea Water on Concrete

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Concrete exposed to seawater can undergo degradation like the dissolution of ettringite and gypsum, increasing the material's porosity and decreasing its strength. In contrast, the crystallization of salts within the concrete's pores can cause expansion, particularly above the waterline where evaporation occurs. Nonetheless, this expansion only happens when seawater, enabled by the concrete's permeability, manages to infiltrate the structure.
Concrete in areas between tide marks,...
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Buoyancy and Stability for Submerged and Floating Bodies01:11

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In fluid mechanics, buoyancy and stability are key concepts for understanding the behavior of submerged and floating bodies. When a stationary body is fully or partially submerged in a fluid, the fluid exerts a force on the body known as the buoyant force. This force acts vertically upward through a point called the center of buoyancy, which is the center of the displaced fluid volume. According to Archimedes' principle, the magnitude of the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid...
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Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

Carbonation Shrinkage

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Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
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Shrinkage in Concrete01:27

Shrinkage in Concrete

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Shrinkage in concrete is primarily due to water loss from evaporation, hydration of cement, or carbonation, leading to a reduction in volume. The volumetric contraction results in volumetric strain in concrete. However, in practice, shrinkage is measured as linear strain, which is one-third of the volumetric strain.
When concrete is still in its plastic state, it can undergo a decrease in volume by about 1% of its absolute volume. This decrease is known as plastic shrinkage. It arises either...
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Unsoundness of Aggregate due to Volume Change01:26

Unsoundness of Aggregate due to Volume Change

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Unsoundness in aggregates due to volume changes is primarily caused by the physical alterations aggregates undergo, such as freezing and thawing, thermal changes, and wetting and drying. Unsound aggregates, when subjected to these changes, result in volume change upon disintegration. This, in turn, contributes to the deterioration of concrete, including scaling, pop-outs, and cracking. Particular types of aggregates, such as porous flints, cherts, and those containing clay minerals, are...
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Sulfate Attack on Concrete01:29

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Sulfate attack on concrete is a deterioration process characterized by a whitish discoloration beginning at the edges and corners, accompanied by cracking and spalling. This phenomenon occurs when sulfates react with the components of hardened concrete, forming compounds like calcium sulfate and calcium sulfoaluminate which occupy more space than the substances they replace, causing the concrete to expand and disrupt.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling
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What is coastal subsidence?

Torbjörn E Törnqvist1, Michael D Blum2

  • 1Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118-5698, USA.

Cambridge Prisms. Coastal Futures
|August 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Coastal subsidence measurements are advancing, but confusion persists regarding sediment accretion, vertical land motion, and surface-elevation change. Clarifying these terms is crucial for accurate sea-level rise projections.

Keywords:
coastsea-level risesubsidencevertical land motion

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Area of Science:

  • Geosciences
  • Coastal processes
  • Geophysics

Background:

  • Technological advancements have improved coastal subsidence measurements.
  • A lack of conceptual clarity hinders the interpretation of subsidence data.
  • Disparate scientific disciplines use varying terminology for related processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address widespread confusion in coastal subsidence literature.
  • To clarify key concepts: sediment accretion, vertical land motion, and surface-elevation change.
  • To establish a common language for interdisciplinary research.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on coastal subsidence.
  • Application of established concepts from tectonic geodesy.
  • Conceptual reconciliation of differing terminology.

Main Results:

  • Identified significant ambiguity in the definition and measurement of coastal subsidence.
  • Highlighted the critical interplay between sediment accretion, vertical land motion, and surface-elevation change.
  • Proposed a unified conceptual framework.

Conclusions:

  • A consensus on terminology is essential for accurate coastal subsidence research.
  • Clearer definitions will improve interdisciplinary communication and collaboration.
  • Standardized language is vital for reliable future sea-level rise projections.