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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Structure01:33

Atomic Structure

Overview
Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations03:18

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
A nuclide of an element has a specific number of protons and...
Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Atomic Structure01:17

Atomic Structure

The Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that everything on Earth is made up of tiny particles called atomos, Greek for "indivisible," from which the modern term "atom" is derived. In the 19th century, John Dalton proposed the atomic theory that is still largely correct today. He put forth five postulates to explain how atoms made up the world around us. (1) All matter is composed of infinitely small particles or atoms. (2) All atoms of a given element are identical to one another and (3) are...

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Atomically Precise Platinum Nanoclusters: History and Recent Advances in Synthesis, Structure, and Properties.

Isha Mishra1, Alejandro Durand1, Chenjie Zeng1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.

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Atomically precise platinum nanoclusters bridge homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Recent advances focus on their synthesis, structure, and tailored properties for enhanced catalytic applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Nanomaterials Science
  • Coordination Chemistry

Background:

  • Platinum is a crucial catalyst in chemical and electrochemical reactions.
  • Atomically precise platinum nanoclusters offer unique advantages by combining properties of molecular catalysts and nanoparticles.
  • These clusters are underexplored compared to coinage metal nanoclusters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the synthesis, structures, and properties of atomically precise platinum clusters.
  • To highlight recent progress in their application as catalysts.
  • To provide insights for designing advanced platinum cluster catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Controlled synthesis via redox chemistry of platinum carbonyl clusters.
  • Diversification of core structures in 3D Ptn(CO)m clusters.
  • Ligand engineering for tailored surface properties.

Main Results:

  • Precise size control achieved through redox chemistry.
  • Diverse core structures developed for 3D platinum clusters.
  • Surface properties successfully tuned using various ligands.
  • Demonstrated potential in electrochemical and thermal catalysis.

Conclusions:

  • Atomically precise platinum clusters represent a promising frontier in catalysis.
  • Understanding their synthesis and structure-property relationships is key to catalyst design.
  • Bridging coordination, cluster, and catalytic chemistry enables the development of highly efficient platinum catalysts.