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Related Concept Videos

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

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Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Achieving Moderate Pressures in Sealed Vessels Using Dry Ice As a Solid CO2 Source
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Atomically Precise Pd Species Accelerating CO2 Hydrodeoxygenation into CH4 with 100% Selectivity.

Kai Zheng1, Siying Liu1, Bangwang Li1

  • 1Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.

Precision Chemistry
|August 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Atomically precise palladium (Pd) on indium oxide (In2O3) nanosheets enable highly selective carbon dioxide (CO2) to methane (CH4) photoreduction. This breakthrough offers a dual solution for climate change mitigation and energy demands.

Keywords:
CH4 selectivityCO2-to-CH4 pathwayatomically precise Pd speciesconduction band edgephotoelectrons transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis
  • Photochemistry

Background:

  • High-rate and selective carbon dioxide (CO2) to methane (CH4) photoreduction is crucial for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and addressing energy needs.
  • Current photocatalytic methods suffer from low activity and poor product selectivity, limiting practical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize atomically precise palladium (Pd) species supported on indium oxide (In2O3) nanosheets for enhanced CO2 photoreduction.
  • To precisely tailor product selectivity and achieve high-rate CO2-to-CH4 conversion.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of Pd-supported In2O3 nanosheets with controlled atomic dispersion of Pd.
  • Characterization using aberration-correction high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), synchrotron-radiation photoemission spectroscopy, in situ XPS, in situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy.
  • Evaluation of photocatalytic performance for CO2-to-CH4 conversion.

Main Results:

  • Atomically dispersed Pd species on In2O3 nanosheets were confirmed by HAADF-STEM.
  • Strong interaction between Pd and In2O3 facilitated electron transfer, creating electron-rich Pd sites for CO2 activation.
  • Pd species tuned the In2O3 conduction band edge to favor the CO2-to-CH4 pathway over CO2-to-CO.
  • In situ studies revealed a shift in active catalytic sites from In to Pd and identified the role of electron-rich Pd in adsorbing protons and hydrogenating *COOH intermediates.
  • Achieved 100% selectivity for CO2-to-CH4 conversion with a productivity of 81.2 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹.

Conclusions:

  • Atomically precise Pd/In2O3 nanosheets represent a highly effective photocatalyst for selective CO2-to-CH4 conversion.
  • The designed catalyst addresses limitations of poor activity and selectivity in previous CO2 photoreduction strategies.
  • This approach offers a promising pathway for simultaneous greenhouse gas mitigation and sustainable energy production.