Spaced learning versus traditional learning for pharmacists implementing β-lactam therapeutic drug monitoring

No consistent recommendations exist on how best to educate pharmacists to facilitate implementation of new evidence-based practices. This study aimed to determine whether spaced learning was more effective than traditional education when learning a new evidence-based practice (β-lactam therapeutic drug monitoring, or TDM).

β-lactam TDM was implemented in a phased fashion at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. Two go-lives took place, separated by 6 months, which allowed for a natural experiment to test education delivery methods (traditional education in the first go-live group of pharmacists vs spaced learning in the second go-live group of pharmacists). Each group received the same base educational package, with pharmacists in the spaced learning group also offered monthly in-person sessions for 6 months before go-live to discuss key considerations and cases with experts. There was no difference between the spaced learning group and the traditional education group when assessing appropriate use of TDM as defined by (1) appropriate patient selection; (2) correct ordering of laboratory testing; (3) appropriate clinical action; and (4) completed documentation. Assessments of secondary knowledge transfer also showed no difference between the groups. Pharmacists in the different education groups had similar satisfaction scores related to the effect and utility of the education. Both spaced learning and traditional education were part of a comprehensive implementation plan for β-lactam TDM, which might have influenced the outcomes. Spaced learning for future pharmacist education efforts needs further study.

As part of a greater β-lactam TDM implementation effort, altering the education delivery method did not impact the degree of knowledge transfer.