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Related Concept Videos

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization01:21

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

767
Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that...
767
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

1.9K
The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...
1.9K
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

1.2K
The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
1.2K
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

1.4K
A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied...
1.4K
IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding01:23

IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding

1.2K
The vibrational frequency of a bond is directly proportional to its bond strength. As a result, stronger bonds vibrate at higher frequencies, while weaker bonds vibrate at lower frequencies. The stretching vibration of the strong O–H bond in alcohols and phenols (very dilute solution or gas phase) appears as a sharp peak at 3600–3650 cm−1.
However, the extent of hydrogen bonding influences the observed stretching frequency and band broadening. Intermolecular or intramolecular...
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Merging mirror-coupled bound states in the continuum at THz frequency.

Wenjing Wang, Shijie Liang, Yanyan Huo

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    Researchers developed merging mirror-coupled bound states in the continuum (BICs) for THz frequencies. These BICs offer higher Q-factors and field enhancement, enabling advanced all-optical devices.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Metamaterials Science

    Background:

    • Bound states in the continuum (BICs) are fundamental wave phenomena with potential in various optical applications.
    • Conventional mirror-coupled BICs offer unique properties but can be sensitive to structural imperfections.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To achieve and characterize merging mirror-coupled BICs at THz frequencies in a novel metasurface.
    • To investigate the enhanced properties and robustness of these merging BICs compared to conventional ones.
    • To demonstrate the potential of merging BICs for advanced all-optical functionalities.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a metasurface comprising silicon (Si) block arrays on a gold (Au) mirror with a silicon dioxide (SiO2) spacer.
    • Theoretical and experimental analysis of the optical properties of the metasurface at THz frequencies.
    • Investigation of nonlinear optical phenomena, including third-harmonic generation and optical bistability.

    Main Results:

    • Successful achievement of merging mirror-coupled BICs at THz frequencies.
    • Demonstrated higher Q-factors and local field enhancement for merging BICs compared to conventional mirror-coupled BICs at the same in-plane wavevector.
    • Confirmed robustness of merging BICs to nanostructure imperfections.
    • Observed efficient third-harmonic generation and low-threshold optical bistability.

    Conclusions:

    • Merging mirror-coupled BICs present a promising platform for enhancing light-matter interactions in metasurfaces.
    • These BICs combine the benefits of mirror-coupled BICs and merging BICs, offering superior performance and robustness.
    • The demonstrated functionalities pave the way for the development of next-generation all-optical devices.