DC-stable thin-film lithium niobate modulator at liquid nitrogen temperatures

Electro-optic modulators have become an essential component of communication and information infrastructure. However, challenges to stable DC operation result in a requirement for thermal biasing of modulators, which can require high powers and be prohibitive to the deployment of modulators for low-temperature applications. Here, we present stable DC operation of a thin-film lithium niobate modulator at liquid nitrogen accessible temperatures, providing a low-cost alternative to thermal tuning demands and demonstrating accessibility for low-temperature applications.