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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Derivation of Stem Cell Lines from Mouse Preimplantation Embryos

Derivation of Stem Cell Lines from Mouse Preimplantation Embryos

Published on: August 20, 2017

Efficient stem cell-derived mouse embryo models for environmental studies.

Victoria Jorgensen¹, Min Bao¹, Sergi Junyent¹

¹Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.

Developmental Cell

|August 29, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed iG4-blastoids, a novel stem cell model that accurately mimics mouse blastocysts. This improved model aids in studying environmental impacts on early embryogenesis.

Keywords:

GATA4 blastocyst blastoid embryo models epiblast primitive endoderm screening trophectoderm xenobiotics

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Last Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Derivation of Stem Cell Lines from Mouse Preimplantation Embryos

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Published on: August 20, 2017

Application of Mouse Parthenogenetic Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells as a Substitute of Sperm

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CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Highly Efficient Gene Targeting in Embryonic Stem Cells for Developing Gene-Manipulated Mouse Models

Published on: August 24, 2022

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Stem Cell Biology
Genetics

Background:

Blastoids are stem cell-derived models of blastocysts, crucial for studying early development.
Current blastoid models often lack proper cavitation and primitive endoderm formation.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an improved blastoid model for studying early embryogenesis.
To investigate the effects of environmental factors on blastoid development.

Main Methods:

A modular approach using embryonic stem cells (ESCs), inducible GATA4-ESCs (iG4-ESCs), and trophoblast stem cells (TSCs).
Single-cell RNA sequencing to analyze cell composition and similarity to natural blastocysts.
Culturing iG4-blastoids with and without FGF4 to observe developmental changes.

Main Results:

The modular approach yielded cavitated blastocyst-like structures (iG4-blastoids) with 80% efficiency.
iG4-blastoids closely resemble mature mouse blastocysts based on single-cell RNA sequencing.
Culturing without FGF4 promoted mural trophectoderm specification, and 12% of structures showed post-implantation-like morphogenesis in vitro.

Conclusions:

iG4-blastoids represent a robust and efficient model for studying early embryogenesis.
This model system accurately reflects the impact of environmental factors like caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine on embryonic development.
The iG4-blastoid system offers new avenues for investigating embryogenesis and developmental toxicology.