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Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
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Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a rare heart muscle disease characterized by impaired ventricular filling due to stiffened ventricular walls, leading to significant diastolic dysfunction.EtiologyRestrictive cardiomyopathy can arise from both inherited and acquired diseases, many of which are systemic. It is categorized into four main types: infiltrative, storage, non-infiltrative, and endomyocardial diseases.Infiltrative diseases, such as amyloidosis, lead to RCM by depositing amyloid...
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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
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Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) encompasses a spectrum of heart conditions caused by sudden obstruction of coronary arteries, typically resulting from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombus (blood clot) formation. This obstruction can lead to partial or complete blockage of blood flow, causing varying degrees of myocardial ischemia or infarction.ACS includes the following clinical entities:Unstable Angina (UA)Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)ST-Elevation...
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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Coronary Artery Revascularization
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Complete Myocardial Bridging.

Shaun Abid1, Anton Stolear2, Samdish Sethi2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Yale New Haven Health, Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA.

JACC. Case Reports
|August 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Complete intramyocardial coronary systems, a rare anomaly, can cause severe cardiac events. Management requires specialized, multidisciplinary care due to unfeasible traditional treatments.

Keywords:
ST-elevation myocardial infarctionheart transplantationleft ventricular noncompactionmyocardial bridgingsyncopeventricular tachycardia

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Anatomical Pathology

Background:

  • Myocardial bridging is a coronary artery anomaly where vessels run within the heart muscle.
  • Complete intramyocardial coronary systems are exceptionally rare and pose significant clinical risks.

Observation:

  • An 18-year-old male with left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy presented with chest pain and syncope during exertion.
  • Diagnosis included ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and a completely intramyocardial coronary system.

Findings:

  • The patient developed heart failure despite medical management and an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.
  • Extensive myocardial bridging involving the entire coronary system can lead to ischemia, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac events.

Implications:

  • Managing extensive intramyocardial coronary anatomy is complex and requires individualized, multidisciplinary approaches.
  • Conventional revascularization strategies are often not viable for these rare anatomical anomalies.