Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 5, 2026
Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
Published on: March 6, 2019
Comparison of Two Lung Ultrasound Protocols for Identification and Distribution of B-, I-, and Z-Lines in Clinically
Hugo K J Swanstein1, Rebecca Langhorn1, Kris Gommeren2
1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
Objective:
To investigate the frequency and distribution of B-, I-, and Z-lines in clinically healthy cats and to determine whether there is a difference in frequency and distribution between two different lung ultrasound protocols.
Design:
Prospective cross-sectional study from June to September 2022.
Setting:
Companion animal referral hospital.
Animals:
Sixty-four cats determined to be healthy based on history and physical examination.
Interventions:
All cats had point-of-care lung ultrasound performed with frequency of B-, I-, and Z-lines recorded. Findings of a modified Calgary pleura and lung ultrasound (PLUS) protocol (19 sites recorded) and a veterinary Brief Lung Ultrasound Exam (VetBLUE) protocol (nine sites), both including the subxiphoid site, were compared.
Measurements And Main Results:
B-lines were identified in 14%-27% of cats depending on the protocol used, with a median of <3 B-lines total per cat, <2 B-lines per hemithorax, and ≤2 positive B-line sites per hemithorax, regardless of the protocol used. The total number of B-, I-, or Z-lines identified was significantly higher for the modified Calgary PLUS compared with VetBLUE. The number of cats with ≥1 B- and I-lines was significantly higher with modified Calgary PLUS compared with VetBLUE, with 17 (26.6%) and 42 (65.6%) versus nine (14.1%) and 34 (53.1%) cats identified, respectively. Z-lines were identified in 62 (96.9%) cats regardless of the protocol used. Three (4.7%) cats had ≥1 B-line at the subxiphoid view.
Conclusions:
B-lines were detected in <30%, I-lines in >50%, and Z-lines in >95% of clinically healthy cats regardless of protocol used. B-lines were rarely detected at the subxiphoid view. A significant difference between protocols was found when comparing the percentage of cats with B- and I-lines.
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