Long-term toxic effects of nanoparticles on human microbiota

Area of Science:

• Environmental Science
• Toxicology
• Microbiology

Background:

• Synthetic nanomaterials are increasingly used across various industries, including medicine, food, cosmetics, and agriculture.
• These materials can enter the human body through multiple routes (skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract) and reach systemic circulation.
• Accumulation in the intestines is a significant concern, potentially leading to gut dysbiosis.

Purpose of the Study:

• To survey the detrimental impacts of synthetic nanomaterials on human cells and gut microbiota.
• To explore strategies for mitigating nanomaterial toxicity.
• To discuss the implications of nanomaterial use in food, water, and medicines.

Main Methods:

• Literature review and synthesis of existing research on nanomaterial interactions with biological systems.
• Analysis of direct and indirect effects on human cells and microbial communities.
• Evaluation of potential mitigation strategies, including physicochemical modifications and microbial interventions.

Main Results:

• Nanomaterials can alter human cells and disrupt gut microbiota balance (dysbiosis).
• Physicochemical modifications of nanomaterials can partially reduce adverse effects.
• Certain gut microbes demonstrate potential in mitigating nanomaterial toxicity, offering probiotic/postbiotic avenues.
• Nanomaterials can influence horizontal gene transfer rates within microbial communities.

Conclusions:

• The widespread use of nanomaterials necessitates careful risk assessment based on dose, duration, type, and toxicity.
• Understanding the complex interactions between nanomaterials, human cells, and the gut microbiome is crucial for safe application.
• Further research into microbial-based detoxification strategies is warranted.