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Related Concept Videos

PID Controller01:19

PID Controller

234
Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers are widely used in various control systems to enhance stability and performance. In a thermostat, it adjusts heating or cooling based on the temperature difference between the actual and desired levels. They are often used in automotive speed systems, effectively managing sudden speed changes while maintaining a constant speed under varying conditions. On the other hand, PI controllers, commonly employed in voltage regulation, enhance stability...
234
Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control01:07

Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control

178
Proportional-Derivative (PD) control is a widely used control method in various engineering systems to enhance stability and performance. In a system with only proportional control, common issues include high maximum overshoot and oscillation, observed in both the error signal and its rate of change. This behavior can be divided into three distinct phases: initial overshoot, subsequent undershoot, and gradual stabilization.
Consider the example of control of motor torque. Initially, a positive...
178
PI Controller: Design01:24

PI Controller: Design

484
Proportional Integral (PI) controllers are a fundamental component in modern control systems, widely used to enhance performance and mitigate steady-state errors. They are particularly effective in applications such as automatic brightness adjustment on smartphones, where they excel at mitigating steady-state errors for step-function inputs. Unlike PD controllers, which require time-varying errors to function optimally, PI controllers leverage their integral component to address residual...
484
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of PI Control01:27

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of PI Control

204
Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers are essential in many control systems to improve stability and performance. They are commonly used in everyday devices like thermostats to enhance system damping and reduce steady-state error. When the zero in the controller's transfer function is optimally placed, the system benefits significantly in terms of stability and accuracy.
Acting as a low-pass filter, the PI controller slows the system's response and extends settling times. This requires...
204
PD Controller: Design01:26

PD Controller: Design

349
In automotive engineering, car suspension systems often employ Proportional Derivative (PD) controllers to enhance performance. PD controllers are utilized to adjust the damping force in response to road conditions. A controller, acting as an amplifier with a constant gain, demonstrates proportional control, with output directly mirroring input.
Designing a continuous-data controller requires selecting and linking components like adders and integrators, which are fundamental in Proportional,...
349

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Hippopotamus optimization-tuned sigmoid PID controller for load frequency control of a two-area thermal power system with renewable energy sources.

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A predictive enhanced PID-F control strategy for functional electrical stimulation based on the artemisinin

Özay Can1, Erdinç Şahin2,3

  • 1Department of Electronics and Automation, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey. ozay.can@erdogan.edu.tr.

Scientific Reports
|August 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new predictive proportional-integral-filtered derivative (PPID-F) controller, optimized by the artemisinin optimizer (AO), significantly improves functional electrical stimulation (FES) system performance for enhanced mobility and comfort.

Keywords:
Artemisinin optimizerFunctional electrical stimulation systemNeurological disordersPID-F controllerParalyzed peoplePredictive term

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Control Systems

Background:

  • Functional electrical stimulation (FES) aids mobility in individuals with paralysis and muscle dysfunction.
  • Effective FES performance relies on robust and efficient control strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel predictive proportional-integral-filtered derivative (PPID-F) controller for FES systems.
  • To optimize controller parameters using the artemisinin optimizer (AO) for improved system response.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a PPID-F controller integrating a predictive element into a filtered PID structure.
  • Utilized the artemisinin optimizer (AO) to minimize an objective function combining ITAE and peak response.
  • Evaluated controller performance against benchmark methods through simulations.

Main Results:

  • The AO-optimized PPID-F controller achieved a 48.19% reduction in the objective function value compared to AO: PID-F.
  • Demonstrated significant performance improvements (48-68%) over other benchmark controllers.
  • Showcased enhanced time-domain performance while maintaining favorable frequency-domain characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed AO: PPID-F controller offers a superior control approach for FES systems.
  • This advancement holds potential for improving functional electrical stimulation applications.
  • The study highlights the efficacy of metaheuristic optimization in advanced control system design.