Integrating multi-omics approaches in acute myeloid leukemia (AML): Advancements and clinical implications

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly heterogeneous and aggressive hematologic malignancy characterized by clonal proliferation of myeloid precursors. Despite significant advancements in genomic profiling and targeted therapies, patient outcomes remain suboptimal due to disease complexity, resistance mechanisms, and high relapse rates. The integration of multi-omics approaches-spanning genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics-has revolutionized AML research, offering a comprehensive understanding of leukemogenesis, tumor heterogeneity, and therapeutic vulnerabilities. Recent studies leveraging high-throughput sequencing, mass spectrometry, and advanced computational tools have uncovered novel biomarkers, clonal evolution dynamics, and microenvironmental interactions that drive AML progression and resistance. For instance, single-cell multi-omics has revealed chemotherapy-resistant leukemic stem cell populations, while proteogenomic analyses have identified actionable targets such as MCL1 and metabolic dependencies like OXPHOS. Clinically, integrated omics platforms are refining risk stratification, minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring, and personalized therapy selection. However, challenges such as data integration complexity, cost barriers, and ethical considerations remain. This review highlights the transformative potential of multi-omics in AML, emphasizing recent advancements in technology, biomarker discovery, and therapeutic innovation. By bridging the gap between molecular insights and clinical practice, multi-omics integration promises to redefine AML management, paving the way for precision oncology and improved patient outcomes.