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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds
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Evaluating ponds as nature-based Solutions: effectiveness and eco-efficiency.

Pietro Sala1, Maria Vrachioli1, Fabian Frick1

  • 1Chair Group of Production and Resource Economics, TU Munich, Alte Akademie 14, Freising, 85354, Germany.

Journal of Environmental Management
|August 31, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nature-based Solutions, like ponds, offer environmental and economic benefits. This study introduces a framework to assess their effectiveness and eco-efficiency, confirming they can be viable strategies for ecosystem services.

Keywords:
Benefit-of-the-doubt modelData envelopment analysisEco-efficiencyEffectivenessMultiple criteria analysisNature-based solutions

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental economics
  • Ecological assessment
  • Nature-based Solutions

Background:

  • Nature-based Solutions (NbS) address societal challenges but evaluating their economic impact is complex.
  • Ponds are versatile NbS, offering carbon storage, biodiversity habitats, and socio-cultural benefits.
  • Existing assessment methods lack comprehensive evaluation of NbS effectiveness and eco-efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply a framework for assessing ponds as Nature-based Solutions.
  • To evaluate ponds based on effectiveness (stakeholder expectations) and eco-efficiency (environmental economic performance).
  • To demonstrate the framework's utility for decision-making in NbS implementation.

Main Methods:

  • Benefit-of-the-Doubt method to create composite indicators for pond contributions.
  • Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis incorporating stakeholder preferences for effectiveness assessment.
  • Data Envelopment Analysis to evaluate technical and ecological efficiencies.

Main Results:

  • Ponds can be effective Nature-based Solutions, delivering locally relevant Ecosystem Services.
  • Ponds demonstrate eco-efficiency, providing socio-economic and environmental benefits cost-effectively.
  • Effective ponds were confirmed to be eco-efficient, validating the assessment framework.

Conclusions:

  • The developed framework provides a comprehensive assessment of ponds as Nature-based Solutions.
  • The study confirms the dual benefits of effectiveness and eco-efficiency in NbS.
  • The analytical method can be extended to support informed decision-making for various Nature-based Solutions.