Microalgae in 3D bioprinting and bone regeneration: Trends, applications, and future perspectives

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Tissue Engineering
• Regenerative Medicine

Background:

• 3D bioprinting is key for bone tissue engineering, fabricating precise cell-laden structures.
• Microalgae offer unique photosynthetic and bioactive properties beneficial for tissue regeneration and angiogenesis.
• Their application in bone-related 3D bioprinting is an emerging area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review microalgae types, bioink/scaffold integration, and mechanisms in bone healing.
• To highlight underexplored aspects like immunomodulation, mechanical strength, and genetic/material engineering.
• To discuss advancements in scaffold sterilization for clinical translation.

Main Methods:

• Systematic literature review of microalgae in bone tissue engineering.
• Analysis of microalgae integration into bioinks and scaffolds.
• Discussion of mechanisms, challenges, and future directions.

Main Results:

• Microalgae show promise in enhancing bone regeneration and angiogenesis via their bioactivities.
• Key challenges include limited mechanical strength, immunogenicity, and effective sterilization methods.
• Genetic and material engineering offer potential for improved clinical applicability.

Conclusions:

• Microalgae are valuable components for next-generation bioinks in bone tissue engineering.
• Further research is needed to overcome limitations and optimize algal-laden scaffolds for clinical use.
• A framework is provided to guide the rational design of regenerative scaffolds.