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P-N junction

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Published on: January 29, 2017

High-Performance Thick-Film All-Polymer Solar Cells Enabled by a Blade-Coating Process Assisted by a Direct

Beibei Shi^1,2, Yiyun Li¹, Jiangkai Sun^1,2

¹School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|September 1, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed a direct current (DC) field method to improve thick organic solar cells (OSCs). This technique enhances efficiency in all-polymer devices, paving the way for industrial production.

Keywords:

EEF coating all‐polymer system large‐thickness device organic solar cell

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Last Updated: May 2, 2026

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In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

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Published on: March 2, 2021

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Organic Electronics
Renewable Energy

Background:

Thick active layers (>300 nm) are crucial for industrial organic solar cell (OSC) production.
Achieving high efficiency in thick-film OSCs, especially all-polymer types, remains a significant challenge.
All-polymer OSCs offer enhanced stability, making them attractive for commercialization.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a simple and effective method for manipulating bulk heterojunction (BHJ) film morphology in thick-film all-polymer OSCs.
To address the fabrication challenges hindering the industrial scale-up of thick-film all-polymer solar cells.
To improve the performance and manufacturability of stable all-polymer organic solar cells.

Main Methods:

Application of a direct current (DC) field during the blade coating process of all-polymer OSCs.
Manipulation of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) film morphology to achieve vertical phase distribution.
Fabrication of thick-film ( >300 nm) organic solar cells using a non-contact DC field technique.

Main Results:

A favorable vertical phase distribution was achieved in the BHJ films.
The electron percolation threshold was effectively reduced.
An outstanding power conversion efficiency of 17.59% was recorded for thick-film all-polymer devices fabricated by blade-coating, setting a new benchmark.
The DC field method demonstrated significant enhancement in overall device performance.

Conclusions:

The non-contact DC field method is a viable strategy for optimizing thick-film morphology in all-polymer OSCs.
This approach effectively enhances device performance and addresses key fabrication challenges for industrial production.
The study contributes to the advancement of organic solar cell industrialization by improving the manufacturability of stable, high-efficiency thick-film devices.