Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles: Emerging Regulators in the Gut-Organ Axis and Prospective Biomedical Applications

The critical role of gut microbiota and their metabolites in host health has been extensively studied. In recent years, bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) released by gut bacteria have gained increasing attention as carriers of bioactive substances and signaling molecules. This review systematically summarizes the biogenesis of BEVs and their potential regulatory roles in gut-organ axis diseases, including disorders of the central nervous system, kidneys, liver, bones, lungs, cardiovascular system, and metabolism. Additionally, we explore the prospects and applications of BEVs in disease diagnosis and prevention. This paper provides a novel perspective on the multifaceted roles of BEVs in host health and disease and lays a theoretical foundation for the development of BEV-based diagnostic and therapeutic tools in future.