Reproductive strategies of domestic Betta splendens as a foundation for developing breeding programs for Indonesia's...

Domesticating Betta splendens has yielded extensive insights into reproductive biology, breeding requirements, and parental care behaviors while also providing essential guidance for conserving endangered Indonesian wild Betta species. Adapted to fragile, acidic blackwater habitats, wild Betta species exhibit unique reproductive strategies, notably bubble nest building and mouthbrooding, which share both similarities and differences with domesticated strains. These distinct behaviors create both opportunities and challenges when applying breeding techniques developed for domesticated species to their wild counterparts, necessitating careful consideration of ecological requirements, genetic diversity, and reproductive dynamics. This review synthesizes findings on domestic B. splendens reproduction, emphasizing their relevance for developing effective ex-situ breeding protocols for wild Betta species. Additionally, it explores key factors, including habitat simulation, environmental enrichment, species-specific breeding system design, and genetic management, all essential for ensuring reproductive success while maintaining ecological and genetic integrity. Furthermore, community engagement and aquarist contributions are highlighted as vital components of sustainable conservation efforts. Integrating these approaches is crucial for safeguarding the rich Betta population biodiversity in Indonesia via responsible captive breeding and habitat restoration.