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Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine
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TIGIT in cancer: from mechanism of action to promising immunotherapeutic strategies.

Haozhe Cui1, Mawieh Hamad2, Eyad Elkord3,4

  • 1Department of Biosciences and Bioinformatics & Suzhou Municipal Key Lab of Biomedical Sciences and Translational Immunology, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.

Cell Death & Disease
|September 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The TIGIT immune checkpoint inhibits T and NK cell activity. Novel combination therapies and alternative approaches are being explored due to limitations with anti-TIGIT antibody monotherapy in clinical trials.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Drug Development

Background:

  • TIGIT (T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains) is an immune checkpoint protein.
  • It suppresses T and NK cell cytotoxic functions through various mechanisms.
  • TIGIT belongs to the PVR-like protein family and interacts with CD155.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of TIGIT-mediated immune suppression.
  • To discuss emerging immunotherapeutic strategies targeting TIGIT.
  • To provide an overview of current clinical trials and future directions for TIGIT-based therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of TIGIT function and therapeutic strategies.
  • Analysis of preclinical and clinical trial data for anti-TIGIT therapies.
  • Discussion of alternative approaches beyond monoclonal antibodies.

Main Results:

  • TIGIT inhibits anti-tumor immunity by suppressing T and NK cell activity.
  • Anti-TIGIT monoclonal antibody monotherapy has shown limited clinical success.
  • Combination therapies and alternative strategies like small molecule inhibitors and CAR-T cells show promise.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding TIGIT's complex inhibitory mechanisms is crucial.
  • Combinatorial immunotherapies targeting TIGIT offer a promising avenue for cancer treatment.
  • Further research into alternative TIGIT-targeting strategies is warranted to overcome current limitations.