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Occupants and surface types drive microbial dynamics in controlled indoor environments.

Jianjian Hou1, Makiko Nakajima2,3, Yukiko Nishiuchi1

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Human activity significantly impacts indoor microbes, accumulating bacteria in air-conditioner filters and influencing surface microbial diversity. Ventilation and humidity control are key for healthier indoor environments.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Environmental microbiology
  • Indoor air quality
  • Human health

Background:

  • Indoor microbial communities affect environmental quality and health.
  • Previous studies analyzed factors individually, lacking combined interaction analysis.
  • Limited research exists on Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) and drainage systems' role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the combined influence of human occupancy, surface moisture, aquaponics, and environmental parameters on indoor microbial dynamics.
  • To investigate bacterial and eukaryotic communities in sealed residential units over 1.5 years.
  • To understand microbial interactions within indoor environments.

Main Methods:

  • Controlled, long-term investigation in sealed residential units.
  • Assessment of human occupancy, dry vs. wet surfaces, aquaponics, humidity, ventilation, and seasonal variations.
  • Amplicon sequencing for bacterial and eukaryotic analysis.

Main Results:

  • Continuous air-conditioner use without fresh air increased CO₂ and humidity.
  • Dry surfaces (filters, dust) showed higher microbial diversity than wet surfaces (drains, showerheads).
  • Human occupancy enriched air-conditioner filters with opportunistic bacteria; aquaponics had minimal room-scale impact.

Conclusions:

  • Human activity drives microbial accumulation in HVAC systems.
  • Distinct microbial profiles exist for dry and wet indoor surfaces.
  • Findings inform hygiene, HVAC maintenance, and building design for improved indoor microbial quality.