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Deciphering the Sodium Sensing Mechanisms in Glycophytes and Halophytes.

Rabia Areej Cheema1, Hafiz Mamoon Rehman1,2, Sehar Nawaz1

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Summary

Plants sense salt using sodium ions (Na+). This review explores potential Na+ sensors like GIPC phospholipids, ion channels (CNGCs, GLRs), and receptor-like kinases (RLKs) in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive plants.

Keywords:
cyclic nucleotide‐gated channel (CNGC)glutamate receptor (GLR)glycophyteglycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramide (GIPC)halophytenonselective cation channel (NSCC)receptor‐like kinase (RLK)sodium ion sensing

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Physiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Plants adapt to saline environments via molecular and morphological mechanisms.
  • Salinity sensing and stress tolerance mechanisms are well-studied in glycophytes but less so in halophytes.
  • Sodium ions (Na+) are key contributors to soil salinity, yet their perception mechanism remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and identify potential Na+ sensor candidates in both glycophytes and halophytes.
  • To propose novel models for Na+ sensing mechanisms in plants.
  • To highlight research avenues for enhancing crop salt tolerance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Na+ sensor candidates.
  • Survey of glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramides (GIPCs), Non-selective cation channels (NSCCs) like cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs) and glutamate receptors (GLRs), and receptor-like kinases (RLKs).
  • Comparative analysis of Na+ sensing mechanisms between glycophytes and halophytes.

Main Results:

  • Glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramides (GIPCs) show direct evidence as Na+ sensors.
  • Various Non-selective cation channels (NSCCs), including CNGCs and GLRs, and receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are implicated in Na+ perception.
  • The review proposes new models for Na+ sensing in both plant types based on identified receptors.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding Na+ perception is crucial for plant salinity tolerance.
  • GIPCs, NSCCs, and RLKs represent key molecular players in Na+ sensing.
  • Comparative studies between glycophytes and halophytes can guide strategies for improving salt tolerance in crops.