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Metal-Ligand Bonds

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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

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Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
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Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

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In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...

π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Cation and Anion

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An allyl group is a three-carbon conjugated system where the sp³-hybridized allylic carbon is bonded to a CH=CH2 group via a single bond. Allyl anions can be obtained by treating propene with a strong base that can deprotonate methyl groups. Allyl cations are formed as intermediates during substitution reactions involving allylic halides. In both cases, the hybridization of the allylic carbon changes from sp3 to sp2, giving rise to a carbon chain with three sp2-hybridized carbons, each with...

Drug-Receptor Bonds

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Drug-receptor bonds are formed through various chemical forces when drugs interact with target cells. Covalent bonds, strong and irreversible, are exemplified by DNA-alkylating anticancer agents that inhibit cell division. However, such irreversible drug binding lacks selectivity and can modify the DNA of the surrounding healthy cells. Covalent binding often contributes to tissue toxicity, as seen with chloroform and paracetamol metabolites binding to the liver, causing hepatotoxicity.
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Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Covalent Fragment Screening Using the Quantitative Irreversible Tethering Assay

Covalent Fragment Screening Using the Quantitative Irreversible Tethering Assay

Published on: February 28, 2025

Selective anion recognition by covalent organic cages.

Li-Xia Wang¹, Xu-Dong Wang², De-Xian Wang^2,3

¹Huairou Research Center of Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry

|September 2, 2025

Summary

This review covers covalent organic cages for selective anion recognition. These cages utilize specific binding sites and interactions to achieve high selectivity for target anions.

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Covalent Fragment Screening Using the Quantitative Irreversible Tethering Assay

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Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores

Published on: August 19, 2013

Area of Science:

Supramolecular Chemistry
Host-Guest Chemistry

Background:

Covalent organic cages (COCs) are advanced supramolecular structures.
Selective anion recognition is crucial in chemical sensing and separation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in selective anion recognition using covalent organic cages.
To analyze factors influencing anion selectivity in these systems.

Main Methods:

Review of literature on COCs for anion binding.
Analysis of binding constants to determine selectivity.
Examination of non-covalent interactions, shape, and size complementarity.

Main Results:

Demonstration of various COC architectures (protonated azacryptands, prism-like, tetrahedral) for anion binding.
Identification of key factors for selectivity: multiple interactions, shape, and size matching.
Comparison of binding constants to quantify selectivity.

Conclusions:

Covalent organic cages offer promising platforms for selective anion recognition.
Understanding host-anion interactions is key to designing highly selective systems.